Assessment of the Impact of the Egyvir on Rats Experimental Animals, a Preclinical Study for Sars-Cov-2 Treatment

Background: The SARS-COV-2 is a worldwide pandemic problem. We developed a herbal extract with potent in-vitro virucidal, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects called EGIVIR. Our aim is to assess the bioavailability and cytotoxicity of EGYVIR on different organs and biological systems in Sprague Dawley rats as a model of experimental animals.Methods: 128 rats were divided into 16 groups (8 rats each), where Egyvir was assessed in oral doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg body weight, and by inhalation in 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/kg body weight, four times/day, compared to the control groups.Results: The Egyvir had no significant effect on the blood pressure, pulse, motor activity, histological, hematological, and coagulation profiles. Also, the blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, blood glucose, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphor kinase (CPK) were not significantly affected. Egyvir had no harmful effect on the kidney and liver functions, blood electrolytes levels and urinary levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride. There was no significant effect on the serum levels of interleukin-113 (IL -113), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Additionally, there was no significant change in the levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and malonaldehyde (MDA) in comparison to the control groups (P<0.05).Conclusion: Egyvir is considered a safe antiviral natural drug. It could be used for the treatment of SARS-COV-2 without any adverse effects when used with the recommended doses. However, these data are a preliminary step for validation in a clinical setting.

Barriers faced by nursing students during COVID- 19 pandemic and its impact on their attitude toward E-learning

COVID-19 pandemic forced the people to social distancing across the world. This pandemic disrupted various aspects of life including educational activities which resulted in implementation of online teaching and learning strategies for schools, colleges and universities' students. About 1500 million students suffered due to closure of the educational institutions. The overall effects of this closure of educational institutes on students' learning, including nursing students, have been negative. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of barriers to learning, faced by undergraduate nursing students on their attitudes towards e learning during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. A Descriptive, analytical study was conducted on a sample of 250 undergraduate nursing students from four nursing colleges in Pakistan. A standardized questionnaire consisted of a total of 53 questions for the collection of information related to e- learning barriers and their effects on the attitudes of undergraduate nursing students towards e-learning was used for data collection. The results of this research study showed that (82.8%) of the undergraduate nursing students were facing certain barriers with regard to e-learning. The most dominant barriers faced by undergraduate nursing students were the infrastructure and technology dimension (88.8%) technical and management support dimension (83.2%), and curriculum content dimension (82%). The results of the current study demonstrated that a high percentage of the respondents (64.8%) has a negative attitude towards e-learning. the undergraduate nursing students faced various types of barriers towards e-learning during COVID-19 Pandemic. The majority of the learners had negative attitudes toward e-learning. However, there was no significant association present between barriers to e-learning and students' attitude towards e-learning.

Post-Covid Remote Patient Monitoring Using Medical Internet Of Things And Machine Learning Analytics

The Covid-19 pandemic disturbed the smooth functioning of healthcare services throughout the world. New practices such as masking, social distancing and so on were followed to prevent the spread. Further, the severity of the problem increases for the elderly people and people having co-morbidities as proper medical care was not possible and as a result many deaths were recorded. Even for those patients who recovered from Covid could not get proper health monitoring in the Post-Covid phase as a result many deaths and severity in health conditions were reported after the Covid recovery i.e., the Post-Covid era. Technical interventions like the Internet of Things (IoT) based remote patient monitoring using Medical Internet of Things (M-IoT) wearables is one of the solutions that could help in the Post-Covid scenarios. The paper discusses a proposed framework where in a variety of IoT sensing devices along with ML algorithms are used for patient monitoring by utilizing aggregated data acquired from the registered Post-Covid patients. Thus, by using M-IoT along with Machine Learning (ML) approaches could help us in monitoring Post-Covid patients with co-morbidities for and immediate medical help. © 2023 SCPE.

A Novel Emr-Based Care Pathway for Nephrolithiasis: Development and 1 Year Utilization

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Patients with acute renal colic due to stones frequently visit the ED. With limited ED resources due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we developed a best practice management pathway within our electronic medical records (EMR) to provide consistent, expeditious and appropriate care for patients with nephrolithiasis. The objective of this study is to describe the development and 1 year outcomes of our EMR Care Pathway for nephrolithiasis. METHOD(S): Our hospital system is composed of many centers. To standardize best practice care, we convened a clinical consensus group, with key stakeholders in emergency medicine, urology, interventional and diagnostic radiology to develop a pathway for the initial work up and management of acute renal colic. AUA guidelines, current literature, and expert consensus across specialties were used to develop the pathway to guide work up and management. Risk assessment tools, and criteria for specific imaging modalities, lab work, and pain protocols were outlined. Criteria for routine discharge with follow-up, including pre-populated links for referrals, indications for urology consult, hospital admission and urgent decompression (stent versus nephrostomy tube) were provided. Data was gathered through the EMR analytics team and descriptive statistics were performed. RESULT(S): The Care Pathway was utilized 944 times from August 3, 2021-September 17, 2022 at 11 different hospitals or care centers (Table 1). Usage increased overtime (r2=0.77). The majority of usage was in the ED (892, 94.4%). A total of 194 providers utilized the Pathway with the majority being residents (64, 33.0%). The pathway included care of 505 unique patients, with 106 primary diagnosis key words triggering pathway use. 139 Urology referrals were placed through the pathway with 124 new 28 day prescriptions of tamsulosin. CONCLUSION(S): An EMR-integrated care pathway has been readily utilized in our system and may augment triage and best practice management of patients presenting with stone disease. Further studies are needed to understand the full impact on outcomes.

Impacts of COVID-19-Related Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Mobility and Accidents in Bangladesh

Transport plays a major role in spreading contagious diseases such as COVID-19 by facilitating social contacts. The standard response to fighting COVID-19 in most countries has been imposing a lockdown—including on the transport sector—to slow down the spread. Though the Government of Bangladesh also imposed a lockdown quite early, it was forced to relax the lockdown for economic reasons. This motivates this study to assess the interaction between various non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) policies and transport sector outcomes, such as mobility and accidents, in Bangladesh. The study explores the effect of NPIs on both intra-and inter-regional mobility. Intra-regional mobility is captured using Google mobility reports which provide information about the number of visitors at different activity locations. Inter-regional, or long-distance, mobility is captured using vehicle count information from toll booths on a major bridge. Modeling shows that, in most cases, the policy interventions had the desired impact on people's mobility patterns. Closure of education institutes, offices, public transport, and shopping malls reduced mobility at most locations. The closure of garment factories reduced mobility for work and at transit stations only. Mobility was increased at all places except at residential locations, after the wearing of masks was made mandatory. Reduced traffic because of policy interventions resulted in a lower number of accidents (crashes) and related fatalities. However, mobility-normalized crashes and fatalities increased nationally. The outcomes of the study are especially useful in understanding the differential impacts of various policy measures on transport, and thus would help future evidence-based decision-making. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2021.

The role of NGOs in ensuring local governance in Bangladesh: from the perception of other actors of governance

Partnerships between Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and the local government are crucial to ensure optimal governance at the local level. In the last 2 decades in Bangladesh, NGOs have become essential actors in local development and governance. The present study investigated the role of NGOs for ensuring local governance in Bangladesh during the post-pandemic era. Periphery areas (two sub-districts) of the Natore District were selected for the field study. The qualitative analysis was mainly based on primary data. Four categories of respondents were targeted, namely NGOs (11), elected representatives and government officials (28), local elites (20) and general citizens (64) belonging to different genders, and educational and economic levels. In depth interviews, survey questionnaires and focus group discussions were used as the tools for collecting data from sampled respondents. Focus was placed on eleven issues including five development and administration related, five political and participation related, and management of the COVID-19 crisis. A qualitative matrix for the performance of NGOs on governance issues from the perspective of other actors in governance-local elected representatives and executive, local elites and general citizens was developed. The matrix revealed an optimistic story for NGO partnerships and social and governing issues such as women empowerment, disaster management, environment conservation, support during COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, indicators such as vote and election, people's awareness, dispute resolution, local tax collection and budget making revealed that the NGOs need to work more with the local government to ensure participation in the processes of governance. The findings directly from the peripheral field were not only based on investigation of the NGOs but also included the perception of other actors of governance so these results can definitely contribute to national social policy reforms and revision of NGO strategies. © 2023, The Japan Section of the Regional Science Association International.

Medical Internet of Things and Data Analytics for Post-COVID Care: An Analysis

The healthcare services across the world have been badly affected by the pandemic since December 2019. People have suffered in terms of medical supplies and treatments because existing medical infrastructure has failed to accommodate huge number of COVID infected patients. Further, patients with existing morbidities have been the worst hit so far and need attention. Therefore, there is a need of post-COVID care for such patients which can be achieved by using technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics. This paper presents medical IoT-based data analysis for post-COVID care. This paper, further, presents post-COVID data analysis to get an insight into the various symptoms across the different perspectives. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), an unusual presentation of COVID-19: A case report from Bangladesh

Newly recognized pandemic infectious disease COVID-19 (Corona-virus disease) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This viral infection causes hypercoagulability and inflammation leading to increased incidence of both arterial and venous thrombotic events (VTEs). Therefore, patients infected with this novel virus seem to be at higher risk of thrombotic events (TEs) resulting in thromboembolic diseases, especially stroke and pulmonary embolism, or even cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). We report a case of 42-year-old female, presented with features of venous thrombotic events (extensive dural venous sinus thrombosis) and was subsequently found to have COVID-19 positive by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. The case report indicates CVST might be an unusual manifestation of COVID-19. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis even presents as an initial symptom of COVID-19 without significant respiratory symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment with thrombolytic agent in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection result in reduced morbidity and mortality. We recommend further studies to establish SARS-CoV-2 virus (the COVID-19 disease) as a known risk factor for CVST. © 2020 The author (s).

Delirium in nursing homes: the continued case of B.M

This article considers current contemporaneous practical issues of delirium care in nursing homes with reference to a hypothetical case study B.M. I introduce the diagnosis and management of delirium-superim-posed-on-dementia (DSD), being relatively common in patients in advanced phases of illness of many nursing home residents. General principles are discussed, although this article applies mainly to higher income countries. There is inevitably much palliative and end-of-life care in nursing homes, necessitating rigorous advance care planning. Nursing home residents are especially prone to acquiring infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are traditionally the most commonly treat-ed infection among nursing home residents and, indeed, the accurate diagnosis of a UTI poses significant and distinctive challenges in the nursing home setting. There is no denying, however, that recently the global coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has posed an existential threat to both staff and residents of nursing homes. Resident-focused factors are striking. Psychotropic drugs are the most frequently prescribed medications in European nursing homes, but medication errors in nursing homes in general are relatively prevalent. Contributing factors to a high burden from pain for residents include residents belief set that age-related pain is inevitable, as well as un-der-recognition of pain and inappropriate pain assessment by clini-cians. Dehydration is associated with frailty, poor cognition, falls, de-lirium, disability, and mortality. Issues relating to the environment also matter. It is also impossible to ignore the organisational constraints on the provision of high quality care. Faced with widespread staffing short-ages, and many economies in financial distress, one partial solution is to retain current staff longer in nursing homes. Research on nursing home staffing has expanded beyond just staffing levels to include mul-tiple other staffing issues of concern.Copyright © by Societa Italiana di Gerontologia e Geriatria (SIGG).

Inpatient teledermatology service: baseline review - it works!

Setting up an inpatient teledermatology service over 1 year at our National Health Service-based district general hospital made absolute sense on two grounds: The COVID pandemic and the ever-increasing role of teledermatology enabling dermatology departments, often with limited resources, to 'work smart'. Over a 43-week period, 124 referrals were dealt with on our teledermatology platform (around 12 referrals per month). Average response time to referral was 0.65 days: 56% same-day response, 32% next-day response;and 92% a response within 3 days. Following this, 32% of patients were seen face to face on the wards and 40% were dealt with via remote advice and guidance. Around 10% of referrals were deemed not to be appropriate for dermatology review/advice. Around 12% of referrals were given dermatology face-to-face outpatient appointments rather than review on the wards, and 7% were declined an appointment (pending further information being received) as insufficient information was given for triage/advice and guidance. Initially, just 10% of referrals were sent (first time) with clinical images, but this increased to 54% after 4 months, and although there has been some monthly variation, up to 64% has been achieved (noting that clinical images are not always required for the question being asked). Around 50 different diagnoses were made, illustrating the diversity and complexity of dermatological practice, and the scale of the diagnostic problems facing ward-based teams. Previously published data revealed that around one-third of inpatient dermatology referrals were for 'red legs', which was replicated in the current results, with diagnoses of venous or atopic eczema (14%), drug reactions (12%), skin neoplasia (6%), cellulitis/erysipelas (5%), intertrigo (4%), erythroderma (4%), Gianotti-Crosti syndrome (2.5%), bullous pemphigoid (2.5%), pyoderma gangrenosum (2.5%) and vasculitis (2%). Having an inpatient teledermatology service benefits dermatology departments, enabling efficient working, appropriate triage, training opportunities and ease of second opinions from colleagues. Benefits for referrers are acute ward-based teams including rapid responses to referrals, enabling skin concerns to be dealt with quickly and avoiding delays in investigation, treatment and discharge. Some hospitals where dermatology does not have a permanent base may be able to access dermatology advice and guidance via teledermatology. Overall, patients benefit from teledermatology and it is COVID secure.

Hematological and biochemical assessment of children infected with measles virus: 2022 outbreak in pakistan

Measles is a contagious disease caused by an RNA virus. Resurgence of measles after Covid-19 and its severity among children has led to many speculations about the Measles vaccination coverage and its efficacy. In this study, the clinical data of children <9 years (n=19) admitted at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) in the measles ward was analyzed. The blood samples were processed for hematology and routine biochemistry tests. The results obtained were statistically analyzed on SPSS-21 software by using One-Way ANOVA for Complete Parameters (CP), Kruskal Wallis, and Mann-Whitney test for Differential leucocyte count (DLC) and Biochemical parameters. A p<0.05 was considered significant. The results suggest no significant difference in Complete blood parameters (CP) among non-vaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated patients. Among DLC Basophils level was significantly different (p=0.024), being lower in partially vaccinated than non-vaccinated patients. Biochemical parameters showed that serum urea level was significantly different (p=0.013), showing a decline in fully vaccinated patients as compared to non-vaccinated patients. Moreover, a significantly higher level of Alkaline phosphatase as compared to the normal range was observed in fully vaccinated patients. However, lower levels of MCH, MCV, MCHC, RBC, Hb, eosinophils, and a higher level of RDW-CV were observed overall as compared to the normal range (healthy individuals). The results suggest improvements are needed in vaccination strategies for effectively controlling the disease. Anemic conditions in overall measles patients indicate poor health conditions. This study contains a limited sample size, further research on measles virus (MeV) mutations, and vaccine optimization could be helpful for the complete eradication of measles from Pakistan. © Pakistan Academy of Sciences

On knot separability of hypergraphs and its application towards infectious disease management

The article deals with some theoretical aspects of hypergraph connectivity from the knot view. The strength of knots is defined and investigates some of their properties. We introduce the concept of cut knot and investigate its importance in the connectivity of hypergraphs. We also introduce the concept of hypercycle in terms of knot hyperpath and establish a sufficient condition for a hypergraph to be a hypertree in terms of the strength of knots. Cyclic hypergraph is defined in terms of a permutation on the set of hyperedges and could be an interesting topic for investigation in the sense that it can be linked with the notion of a permutation group. An algorithm is modelled to construct a tree and hypertree from the strength of knots of a hypertree. Lastly, a model of a hypergraph is constructed to control the spread of infection for an infectious disease with the help of the strength of knots. © 2023 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press.

Transmission Dynamics and Control of COVID-19: A Mathematical Modelling Study

We look at the SQIRP mathematical model for new coronavirus transmission in Bangladesh and India in this study. The basic reproduction number of the SQIRP system is designed using the next cohort matrix process. The SQIRP system has asymptotically stable locally at an infection-free equilibrium point when the basic reproduction number is not more than unity and unsteady when the value is greater than unity. The SQIRP system is found to go through a backward bifurcation, which is a novel perspective for Coronavirus infection transmission. The infection-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are shown to be asymptotically stable globally using the Lyapunov function hypothesis and the invariance principle of Lasalle. A SQIRP system with backward bifurcation is explored using stochastic analysis. The ecological stochasticity in the appearance of white noise best describes the system's value. To verify the results, more numerical simulations are run © 2023 L&H Scientific Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved

Biomolecules of the Horseshoe Crab's Hemolymph: Components of an Ancient Defensive Mechanism and Its Impact on the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Industry

Without adaptive immunity, invertebrates have evolved innate immune systems that react to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These defense mechanisms are included in horseshoe crab hemocytes' cellular responses to pathogens. Secretory granules, large (L) and small (S), are found on hemocytes. Once the invasion of pathogens is present, these granules release their contents through exocytosis. Recent data in biochemistry and immunology on the granular constituents of granule-specific proteins are stored in large and small granules which are involved in the cell-mediated immune response. L-granules contain most clotting proteins, which are necessary for hemolymph coagulation. They also include tachylectins;protease inhibitors, such as cystatin and serpins;and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factors, which bind to LPS and agglutinate bacteria. Big defensin, tachycitin, tachystatin, and tachyplesins are some of the essential cysteine-rich proteins in S-granules. These granules also contain tachycitin and tachystatins, which can agglutinate bacteria. These proteins in granules and hemolymph act synergistically to fight infections. These biomolecules are antimicrobial and antibacterial, enabling them to be drug resistant. This review is aimed at explaining the biomolecules identified in the horseshoe crab's hemolymph and their application scopes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors.Copyright © 2022 Md. Ashrafuzzaman et al.

Design of Mobile Application for SME Business Sustainability during Post Covid-19

In the 21st century, mobile and portable devices have become an integral part of people's lives, assisting them in managing daily tasks, whether for work or personal reasons. Furthermore, this technology will benefit people, particularly those who run small to medium-sized businesses (SMEs), by allowing them to manage their firms' using smartphones and other portable devices from anywhere and at any time. However, many SMEs in Malaysia do not own a mobile app. During this Covid-19 pandemic, the country's economic growth rate has slowed. It has impacted negatively on all types of businesses on a massive scale. Several major retailers have temporarily closed their doors. Aside from that, poor footfalls are causing problems for medium and small-sized enterprises. They have entirely lost their businesses due to the absence of a mobile app. They might still earn profits if they had their smartphone app because the delivery sectors were still operating as usual. The primary purpose of this study is to create importance of using electronic commerce mobile applications among SME business owners. This ecommerce mobile application was developed using Android studio with Kotlin programming language. UI of this application was designed with simple widget and layout. Google Firebase platform was connected to Android studio application which is used to store user details and verify whenever user try to login. © 2022 IEEE.

A Controversy: Warfarin Failure in Covid-19 with Supratherapeutic Inr

Background COVID-19 has been previously associated with thromboembolism. We present a unique case of a patient who was compliant with warfarin and yet developed breakthrough Deep Venous Thrombosis after recently being diagnosed with COVID-19. Case A 49-year-old female with past medical history of rheumatic fever complicated with mitral stenosis and treated with mechanical mitral valve replacement in 2003, presented with right-sided leg swelling, warmth, and pain for the past 1 week. She tested positive for COVID-19 almost 2 weeks ago but was not hospitalized or treated due to minimal symptoms. She had been on warfarin for the last 19 years due to underlying mechanical valve with an INR (international normalized ratio) goal of 2.5-3.5. On examination, the right calf was swollen and tender to palpation. Homan sign was positive. INR was elevated to 9.88 (a month ago it was within the therapeutic range of 2.5-3.5). The rest of the lab work up including fibrinogen levels, PT, aPTT, CBC, and CMP was unremarkable. A lower extremity venous duplex was performed that came back remarkable for acute right popliteal DVT. Decision-making Warfarin was held considering elevated risk of bleeding. INR was repeated daily and once it was below 2.5, therapeutic dose of enoxaparin 1mg/kg twice daily was started for 3 months. Due to limited anticoagulation options, a shared decision was made to place the patient back on warfarin, since she was out of the window of COVID-19 infection. She was not a candidate for DOAC's considering her mechanical valvular heart disease history and patient did not want to consider invasive interventions as well. Conclusion Our case study is the first ever reporting warfarin failure with supratherapeutic INR due to COVID-19 infection. It also raises concerns if warfarin is safe to use in COVID-19 patients, which might need further research studies to have clear answers. In patients with mechanical heart valves and supratherapeutic INR who present with concerns of warfarin failure, treatment options are limited. Recommended management is holding warfarin to achieve therapeutic INR levels, switch to enoxaparin temporarily, and eventually placement of IVC filter.Copyright © 2023 American College of Cardiology Foundation

A case report of nosocomial infection with SARS CoV-2 in a one-year old meningoencephalitis patient in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh

Introduction: Novel corona virus (SARS-Coronavirus-2: SARS-CoV-2) which emerged in Wuhan, China, has spread to multiple countries rapidly. Little information is known about nosocomial infections by SARS-CoV-2 in the initial period. As it spreads across the globe, physicians face the challenges of a contagious pandemic including patient isolation and diagnosis. Case Report: We report a case of concurrent meningoencephalitis and COVID-19 infection in a one-year old Bangladeshi patient who was brought a tertiary hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh due to fever, convulsion and neck stiffness accompanied by unconsciousness later. Computed tomography (CT) SCAN of brain showed excessive encephalopathic change in both cerebral hemispheres with moderate communicating hydrocephalus, suggesting meningoencephalitis. During his hospitalization, he became infected with SARS-CoV-2 which was confirmed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 can be rapidly transmitted patient-to patient regardless of whether they have symptoms or not. Each hospital must differentiate patients with known or suspected COVID 19 infection from patients with a low probability COVID-19 infection in order to limit direct or indirect transmission. © 2020 The author (s). Published by Zagazig University.

Status of psychological health of students following the extended university closure in Bangladesh: Results from a web-based cross-sectional study

Students' severe affective mental distress has emerged as significant public health attention globally because of the disastrous effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The current study aimed at exploring the prevalence of two alarming psychological distresses, depression and anxiety, among university students following a prolonged shutdown of educational institutions in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional online-based study was conducted by deploying two standard scales to assess the depression and anxiety among Bangladeshi students from various universities amid the 2nd stream of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 568 Bangladeshi university students participated in this questionnaire-based survey through various social media platforms. Frequency and percentage distribution as univariate, chi-square (χ2) test as bivariate, and logistic regression as multivariate analyses were applied to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety and their associated various sociodemographic factors. After cleaning and eliminating the partial data, we analyzed 465 responses, where 42% were female and 64.3% were from public universities. Both mental disorders were prevalent in more than 50% of Bangladeshi university students. The students from the private universities were two times and 2.7 times more depressed and anxious, respectively than the students from the public universities. In addition, the students who became incomeless had significantly more anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.711;p = 0.018) than those who did not lose income source during the COVID-19 lockdown. The present study revealed that more than 50% of Bangladeshi university students were suffering from depression and anxiety. Several effective measures must be assured by the concerted efforts of university authorities, educationalists, and the Government to alleviate these distressing mental health burdens.

Immunotherapeutic and immunomodulatory potentials of Antigen-Antibody complex vaccines

Immune system battles with deadly pathogens that mostly deteriorate health and cause morbidity and mortality. Antibodies are considered great players in the elimination of pathogens and hence, provide a shield against the future onset of various diseases. The immune complex, also known as an antigen–antibody (Ag-Ab) complex, exhibits the immunomodulatory potential leading to enhanced vaccine efficacy. A deeper understanding of Fc receptors (FcRs) and the interaction of the Fc part of an antibody with the different immune cells lead to in-depth knowledge of using this strategy for the development of immune complex vaccines. The concept of the Ag-Ab complex has been used in the prevention and therapy of various viral and bacterial diseases. Ag-Ab complex is gaining attention in COVID-19 vaccine development too, due to their greater immunoregulatory potential. The present literature highlights the importance of the Ag-Ab complex, the role of Fc receptors in immunomodulation, and their success as vaccines in viral and bacterial diseases of human and animal origin. Moreover, potential areas and lapses are explored to make better use of this prospect as a vaccine candidate. Studies revealed that the immunogenic and immunomodulatory potential of Ag-Ab complex can lead to greater protection. However, there is a dire need of establishing a link between laboratory and clinical findings to make it effective and safe tool for in vivo treatments. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd